篇章 · Analyzing CET-4 Long Sentences

长难句拆解

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核心规则

【先抓主干】先圈出带时态的谓语动词，再找没有从属连词引导的主句：谁（主语）做什么（谓语）/是什么（系表）。
【再分层】that、whether、wh-词常引导名词性从句；who、which、whose、where 常引导定语从句；although、while、when、because 等常引导状语从句。每找到一个连词，就给从句划出边界。
【识别干扰】doing、done、to do 及其扩展通常是非谓语，不应误当作谓语；介词短语、同位语和两个逗号之间的插入语可先括起来，读完主干再还原。
【处理主谓分离】主语后出现很长的定语从句、过去分词短语或同位语时，要回到真正的中心词，耐心等待主句谓语。
【四级考场步骤】①标谓语；②圈连接词；③切分从句；④压缩为主干；⑤把修饰语按“修饰谁、说明什么逻辑”挂回去；⑥翻译时按中文逻辑调整语序，而不是逐词硬译。
考试提示：四级长难句的难点不在生词数量，而在“一个主句外面挂着多层从句和非谓语”。练习时必须先找到主句谓语，再处理 that / which / whose / when 等引导的层级。每次精析后，把主干朗读一遍，再把修饰语逐层添回去；这样既能提高阅读定位，也能帮助翻译重组语序。

ANIMATED STRUCTURE

句子结构动画拆解

逐块显示句子成分，看清骨架再看修饰
主语谓语宾语补语/表语从句修饰语连接词
例句 1
Although researchers 让步状语从句的主语 who have examined the effects of part-time employment on undergraduates 定语从句，修饰 researchers disagree about how much work is too much 让步从句谓语；how 引导宾语从句 most 主句主语 acknowledge 主句谓语 that students 宾语从句开始；students 是从句主语 whose schedules leave little time for reading whose 定语从句，修饰 students are less likely 宾语从句谓语 to benefit fully from their courses 不定式补足语，说明“较不可能做什么”
例句 2
The proposal 主句主语 which was introduced after a series of complaints from students living far from campus 非限制性定语从句；living... 修饰 students would require 主句谓语 the university 主句宾语 to extend library hours 不定式宾补 during the weeks 时间状语 when final projects are due when 定语从句，修饰 weeks
例句 3
What makes the issue particularly difficult what 主语从句，整体作主语 is 主句系动词 not simply that the available data were collected in different years 第一个表语从句；data were collected 为其谓语 but that the people 并列的第二个表语从句开始 most affected by the policy 过去分词短语，修饰 people were not included in the original survey 第二个表语从句谓语（被动）
例句 4
Only when the results from several smaller studies are compared with those obtained from a nationwide sample only + 时间状语从句置句首 can 主句部分倒装的助动词 university administrators 主句主语 determine 主句谓语 whether the apparent improvement reflects a real change in learning or merely a difference in testing conditions whether 宾语从句
例句 5
The evidence 主句中心主语 collected by the research team over the past decade 过去分词短语，修饰 evidence much of which was previously unavailable to local decision-makers 非限制性定语从句；which 指 evidence suggests 主句谓语 that policies that 宾语从句开始 designed without reliable information 过去分词短语，修饰 policies may produce 宾语从句谓语 consequences that are both costly and difficult to reverse 宾语 + that 定语从句
例句 6
Students 主句主语 are often surprised 主句谓语（被动/系表结构） to discover 不定式补足语 that the habits that 宾语从句开始 they formed while preparing for an examination 定语从句，修饰 habits；while 后为省略结构 rather than the amount of information they memorized 插入性对比成分 determine that 从句谓语 how successfully they can apply what they have learned in unfamiliar situations how 宾语从句，内含 what 名词性从句

EXERCISES

专题练习（12 题）